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发表于 2020-3-5 08:06
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来自：山东省
中考语法复习--连系动词教案
【教学目标】
要求学生掌握系动词的基本用法及其分类。
【教学重点难点】
常见系动词的用法及辨析
【知识梳理】
系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
一、系动词的种类：
1. 状态系动词
用来表示主语状态、性质、身份等，常用的有be。
I was furious when he crashed my car. 当他撞了我的车时，我很生气。
2. 持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep (保持), remain (依然), stay (保持), lie (保持), stand (矗立着), sit (坐), continue (继续)。
He always kept silent at the meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
Whatever happens, we should keep/ stay calm. 不管发生什么事，我们都要保持镇静。
The weather continued hot after the rain. 雨后，天气依然很热。
The house stood empty for years. 这房子多年空着。
3. 表象系动词
用来表示“看起来、似乎、显得”这一概念，常用的有seem, appear, look。
1) 这类动词通常是被感觉的事物作主语，虽有被动意味，但不用被动语态。如：这种布摸起来很软。
This cloth is felt very soft. （误）
This cloth feels very soft. （正）
这汤味道不错。
The soup is tasted delicious. （误）
The soup tastes delicious. （正）
2) 这类系动词几乎都可以后跟like介词短语，或者as if/as though 从句。如：
It looks like rain. 天看起来像下雨的样子。
The cloth feels like silk. 这布匹摸起来像是丝绸。
This looks (tastes, smells, feels) like an orange. 这东西看起来(尝起来，闻起来，摸起来)像个桔子。
It seemed as if she was seriously ill. 她看起来好像是病的厉害。
It sounds as though someone is weeping nearby. 听起来好像有人在附近哭。
3) 这类系动词几乎不用于进行时态。如不能说：
The whether is appearing very cold. （误）
What you say is sounding reasonable. （误）
look偶见用于进行时态：You are looking tired this evening. 今晚你好像很累。
4. 感官系动词
用来表示人的感觉的一类动词，常用的有look (看起来)，feel (摸起来、感觉), smell (闻起来), sound (听起来), taste (尝起来)。
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
这种布手感很软。
Medicine tastes bitter but it cures diseases. 良药苦口利于病。
5. 变化或结果的系动词
用于表示主语变成什么样，常用的有become (变成), grow (长得), turn (变得), fall (变为), get (变得), go (变得), come (成为)，prove (证明是)。
The students fell quiet as the scientist started to speak.
那位科学家开始讲话后，学生们安静下来。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
It’s a week since she fell ill. 她得病一周了。
6）终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，如：
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）
● 特别提示：
1. get, become, go, turn, grow的区别：
1）become：一般表示变化过程已经完成，较正式，通常不用来表示未来的事，后接形容词、名词、过去分词作表语。
Helen became an electronic engineer. 海伦成了一名电子工程师。
2）get：表示一种变化过程，强调的是“渐渐变得”，更口语化，通常接形容词，也可以用在lost, broken, dressed, married等过去分词的前面。
Our country is getting stronger and stronger. 我们的国家日益强大。
Last night I got caught in the downpour. 昨夜我遇上了倾盆大雨。
3）go：多表示从好的状态变成坏的状态，通常接mad, crazy, blind, bad等或表示颜色的形容词。
Something has gone wrong with the machine. 机器出了毛病。
4）turn： 侧重于“变得与以前完全不同”。后多接表颜色的及表天气的形容词，如果接名词，要省略冠词。
He used to be a teacher till he turned writer. 成为作家之前他是一名教师。
She turned /went blue with cold. 她冻得脸色发青了。
5）grow：侧重于“逐渐变得……”，强调变化的过程。
He is growing old. 他渐渐老了。
2. look, seem, appear的区别
1）look给人的是“视觉印象”，appear给人的是“外表印象”，这两者可能是真相也可能假象，appear的不确定性更大一些。seem侧重“迹象推断”，但也不一定是事实。
2）三者之后均可接不定式，但look之后一般只限于接to be (且较少见)：
He seems (appears, looks) to be very tired. 他好像很累了。
He seems (appears) to have traveled a lot. 他似乎去过不少地方。
但不说：He looks to have traveled a lot.
3） seem, appear如果后接以a- 开头的表语形容词时，则需要加上to be。例如：
He seemed (appeared) to be alone. 他似乎是一个人。
The little girl seems (appears) to be very afraid. 这个小女孩看起来很害怕。
The children seem (appear) to be asleep. 孩子们似乎睡着了。
The children seemed (appeared) to be awake when I went into their room. 在我进屋时，孩子们似乎醒了。
4.）三者均可用于it开头的句子，都可以接 as if或as though引导的从句。另外appear和seem之后还可接that引导的从句，而look则不能。例如：
It looks (seems, appears) as if he has lost interest in his job. 看来他对自己的工作已失去了兴趣。
It seems (appears) that he is very tired. 他似乎很累了。
但不说：It looks that he is very tired.
为避免重复，appear和seem后接的that 从句有时可用so, not 代之：
“Is he reliable?” “It seems (appears) so (not).”
3. keep, remain, stay
1）系动词keep意思是“保持……状态”，后常接形容词或介词短语，如：
alive, awake, cheerful, silent, dry, well, fit, fine, close, clean, happy等。
In order to keep fit, all students go in for sports.
为了保持健康，所有学生都参加体育运动。
We’d better keep in touch. 我们最好保持联系。
2）remain 意思是“仍然存在……状态”，后接形容词、过去分词、名词或介词短语，强调某种状态前后无变化。
Peter became a judge but John remained a fisherman. 彼得当了法官，而约翰依旧是渔民。
Your room remains like this. 你的房间依旧是这样子。
3）系动词stay是“保持……状态”，后接形容词、分词等。常可与keep互换。
The door stayed closed. 门一直关着。
Please stay seated. 请继续坐着。
I had to stay awake all night looking after the sick baby.
我照顾那个病儿，一整夜没有睡。
4．一些系动词同时也是实义动词，如果是及物动词可有被动语态，可以单独作谓语。
对比这些句子：
He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟表语，说明主语情况）
He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。（fell是实义动词，单独作谓语）
She smelt the meat. 她闻了闻那块肉。（smelt是实义动词，说明主语动作）
The flowers smell very sweet. 这些花闻起来很香。(smell 是系动词，说明主语的特点)
It was cloudy this morning, but fortunately it has turned fine.
今天早上是阴天，幸好已经转晴了。（系动词）
All the lights in the house were turned off. 屋里的灯都关掉了。（实义动词）
5．瞬间系动词与时间段连用
英语中某些表示瞬间意义的系动词，如become，turn，prove等不能与“for+时间段，since+时间点，until，so far”等直接连用。如：
①不能说：He has become a policeman for 12 years.
应改为：He has been a policeman for 12 years.
②不能说：He has turned writer since eight years ago.
应改为：He has been a write since eight years ago.
③不能说：He got angry until his child came back home.
应改为：He didn’t get angry until his child came back home.
●记忆口诀
一“be”: is am are
四“变”: get become turn go
五“感官”: feel taste smell sound look
二、表语：
表语用来说明主语的性质、身份、特征和状态，与系动词一起构成复合谓语，即简单句五种句型之一：“主语+系动词+表语”。表语可以由名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语或起名词、形容词作用的词或短语（如：不定式，动词-ing形式等）担任，也可以是从句。但是许多系动词多接形容词或相当于形容词的词，如动词-ing形式。
Pollution from cars has become a major problem. 汽车尾气成了一个主要问题。
Please feel free to say what you really think. 请随便谈谈你的想法吧。
I’m much worried about her health. 我对她的健康状况感到忧虑。
Wasting time is killing yourself. 浪费时间就是自杀。
Come to see me tomorrow when I am at work. 明天我上班时来见你。
This is where we disagree with each other. 这就是我们有分歧的地方。
● 特别提示：
1）look，smell，sound，feel；appear，seem可接as if/as though引导的表语从句。从句如果与事实相反或很难实现，要用虚拟语气。
She seemed as if (though) she couldn’t understand why Laura was there.
看来她好像不能理解为什么劳拉在那儿。
It sounds to me as though there’s a tap running somewhere.
我好像听到某处水龙头流水的声音。
He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales. （虚拟语气）
他看来好像刚从我的童话故事中走出来似的。
It seems as if it were spring already，but it’s only February. （虚拟语气）
才二月份，就好像是春天了。
2）可用于“It+系动词+that从句”结构的有：seem, appear等, 不可用be, look。
It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work.
好像他在工作中犯了严重错误。
It appeared that he was talking to himself. 好像他在自言自语。
3）能用不定式作表语的系动词有：be, seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow。
Her job is to look after the children. 她的工作是照料孩子们。
He seems not to look after the children. 他好像不是她的父亲。
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议证明是错误的。
4）能与there连用的系动词有：be, appear, seem。
There appeared to be only one room. 那儿好像只有一个房间。
5) 系动词后接不定式
英语中，seem, appear, prove, turn out等系动词后也可接不定式（尤其是 to be）短语作表语：
The boy seemed to be ill.这个男孩好像病了。
He appears to know this.他好像知道这一点。
The plan proved to be useful.这个计划证明是有用的。
The weather turned out to be fine.天气结果很好。
在这些系动词之后，to be 可以省略：
He seems (to be) sad.他似乎很伤心。
He appears (to be) angry.他似乎生气了。
The news proved(to be) false.那消息证明是假的。
The man turned out (to be) a thief.那人结果是个小偷。
表示“变化意义”的系动词，后接不定式的主要有come, get和grow。如：
You’ll like her once you get to know her.你一旦了解她，你就会喜欢她。
The little girl is growing to be more and more like her mother.这个小姑娘长得越来越像她妈妈了。
He has grown to like studying English.他渐渐喜欢学英语了。
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